What Are Busbars And Connectors In Hv And Ehv Installations? . Busbars and connectors are critical components in high-voltage (HV) and extra-high-voltage (EHV) electrical systems. They facilitate efficient power distribution while maintaining system safety and reliability. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into their definition, materials, types, applications, and best practices for selection and maintenance.
What is Electric Busbar?
A conductor or group of conductor used to collect the power from incoming feeders and distribute to the outgoing feeders is known as busbar. In other words, Busbar is a junction where the incoming and outgoing feeders current meets i.e. it collects the power at single point.
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Busbars for Outdoors Installations
In HV and EHV installations and in outdoors MV installations bare busbars and connectors are used and the conductors may be tubular or stranded-wires.
Tubular busbars are supported by column insulators (usually ceramics) and stranded-wires are tight with dead end clamps.
examples of what was explained above.
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The main characteristics of bare busbars are:
- Diameter (tubular conductors) and cross-section (stranded-wires).
- Mechanical strength and parameters (tensile, compressive, bending and buckling strength; moments of resistance and inertia).
- Rated current.
Taking into account that these conductors are non-isolated rated voltage is not to be considered.
For the connection of busbars to equipments terminals proper connectors must be used
For copper-copper connections connectors are made of bronze; for aluminium – aluminium connections aluminium Alloy connectors shall be used; for copper-aluminium connections bi-metallic connectors must be used, to avoid corrosion caused by electrolytic effect.
Insulated Busbars and Trunking Systems
In indoors MV and LV installations, namely with high currents and space available is low, busbars may be surrounded by enclosures, normally metallic, for mechanical protection and insulation purposes.
This solution reduces the bus bar heat dissipation due to reduction in cooling air flow and radiation losses and therefore gives current ratings which may be considerably less than those for free air exposure. To minimize current reduction ventilated enclosures may be used.
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In isolated busbars, usually made with copper or aluminium flat bars (one or more per phase, depending of the current), each individual phase or pole is surrounded by a separately earthed sheath which is connected at its ends by a full short-circuit current rated bar.
The sheath is intended primarily to prevent inter-phase short-circuit currents developing. They have the further advantage that the high magnetic fields created by the conductor current are almost completely cancelled by an equal and opposite current induced in the enclosure or sheath.
Common insulating materials are air and SF6.
In LV installations one economic method for power distribution, and to provide supply to several equipments and interconnections between switchboards or switchboard and transformer, is the use of a trunking system
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A trunking system is a pre-assembled set of flat bars conductors (phase(s) and neutral) within a single metallic enclosure.
In feeder trunking systems power is taken from busbar trunking by the use of tap off units which connect at defined positions along the busbar trunking, and allow power to be taken from the system, usually via a suitable protective device.
Trunking systems present advantages over cables:
- More economical to use and easier to install, particularly for the higher current ratings, where multiple single core cables are used to achieve the current rating and compliance with voltage drop and voltage dip requirements. Beside this, bunch of cables are increasing possibility of heating between cables and eventually short circuit.
- Greater mechanical strength over long runs with minimal fixings resulting in shorter installation times.
- Replaces multiple runs of cable with their associated supporting metalwork.
- Less termination space required in switchboards.
- Cable jointer not required.
- Multiple tap-off outlets allow flexibility to accommodate changes in power requirements subsequent to the initial installation (subject to the rating of the busbar trunking).
- Repositioning of distribution outlets is simpler.
- System is easily extendable.
- Aesthetically pleasing in areas of high visibility.
- Busbar trunking systems may be dismantled and re-used in other areas
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Types of Busbars in HV and EHV Systems
- Rigid Busbars: Made from solid conductors, these busbars are fixed and provide high mechanical strength.
- Flexible Busbars: Allow slight movement to accommodate thermal expansion and mechanical vibration.
- Insulated Busbars: Encased in insulating material to enhance safety and reduce maintenance needs.
- Tubular Busbars: Designed for improved current distribution and reduced electrical losses.
Types of Connectors in HV and EHV Systems
- Line-End Connectors: Join transmission lines to busbars or other equipment.
- Splice Connectors: Facilitate the joining of two conductors in a continuous line.
- T-Connectors: Enable branch connections in power distribution networks.
- Bimetallic Connectors: Connect dissimilar metals like aluminum and copper, minimizing galvanic corrosion.
Why Are Busbars and Connectors Important in HV and EHV Installations?
1. Safety and Reliability
- Properly designed busbars and connectors reduce the risk of arc flashes and short circuits.
- Insulation and robust construction enhance operational safety.
2. Efficiency
- Low electrical resistance minimizes power losses, ensuring cost-effective energy distribution.
3. Space Optimization
- Busbars save space compared to traditional cable bundles, which is critical in compact installations.
4. Scalability
- Modular designs allow easy system expansion, making upgrades hassle-free.
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Material Selection for Busbars and Connectors
Busbar Materials:
- Copper: Offers superior electrical and thermal conductivity, ideal for high-current applications.
- Aluminum: Cost-efficient for lower currents and lightweight designs.
- Silver-Plated Copper: Reduces surface resistance, ideal for HV applications.
Connector Materials:
- Copper Alloys: Provide strength and high conductivity.
- Aluminum Alloys: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant.
- Bimetallic Combinations: Prevent galvanic corrosion when connecting different metals.
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FAQs about Busbars and Connectors in HV and EHV Installations
1. What are the primary functions of busbars in electrical systems?
Busbars distribute electrical power efficiently, balance loads, and manage faults within the system.
2. Why are connectors critical in HV and EHV installations?
Connectors ensure reliable and secure electrical continuity, essential for high-stress environments.
3. What materials are used for HV busbars?
Copper, aluminum, and silver-plated copper are commonly used due to their conductivity and durability.
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